What are the main causes of acid rain in environmental chemistry?

What are the main causes of acid rain in environmental chemistry?

When some gaseous oxides and acid such as NO₂, SO₂ and HCl etc are mixed with rain water and come down from the atmosphere on the earth, then this phenomenon is called acid rain. There are two main causes of acid rain in environment. These are,

·        Acid rain due to natural causes and

·        Man-made causes of acid rain.

[Ni (NH3)6]2+paramagnetic while [Ni (CN) 6]4-diamagnetic

Why is [Ni (NH₃)₆]²⁺paramagnetic while [Ni (CN) ₆]^4-diamagnetic?

In the both cases, the co-ordination number of nickel is six with octahedral geometry. The oxidation number of nickel is +2 with 3d⁸ system.

Crystal field theory requires the splitting of the degenerate d-orbitals with the approaching of the ligands.

Therefore, under the influence of octahedral crystalfield, the d-orbitals are split up into set of energetically different orbitals. 

One is energetically higher e_g level and the other is energetically lower t_2g level.

Now, in case of [Ni (NH₃)₆]²⁺complex ion, the ligand NH₃ is neither a strong field ligand nor a weak field ligand. Actually, it is mild strong field ligand.

But in case of [Ni (NH₃)₆]²⁺ ion, ligand NH₃ act as a weak field ligand as crystal field stabilization energy is less than pairing energy. That is, 10Dq < P.

Therefore, under the influence of octahedral crystal field, the electronic configuration is t_2g6 e_g2.

What are the common uses of hydrochloric acid in chemistry?  

 Hydrochloric acid as an important chemical in chemistry. Hydrochloric acid uses, play an important role both in organic and in inorganic chemistry.

Hydrochloric acid has a great significance in industrial production of different goods, as a important laboratory reagent, as a cleaning agent and also in different organic and inorganic sectors.

Hydroiodic acid-formula-properties-uses with pH calculation

What is hydroiodic acid in halogen chemistry?

Hydroiodic acid is an important chemical in chemistry, especially in inorganic chemistry. It is slightly polar [ionic character 5%] covalent molecule with chemical formula, HI.  

The others name of hydroiodic acid is iodane, hydrogen iodide, hydriodic acid, hydronium iodide etc. 

[FeF6]3– ion paramagnetic while [Fe(CN)6]4–ion diamagnetic

Why is [FeF₆]^3– ion paramagnetic while [Fe(CN)₆]^4–ion diamagnetic ?

In case of [FeF₆]^3–complex ion, the oxidation state of central iron metal is +3. 

The atomic number of iron metal : 26 and that of ion(III)ion : 23. Valence shell electronic configuration of Fe(III) ion : [ Ar ] d⁵ .

Co-ordination number of central metal Fe(III)ion : 6. Arrangement of [FeF₆]^3– complex ion : Octahedral.

Now ligand F^–, which is a weak field ligand. Under the influence of the octahedral 

crystal field, the five degenerate d-orbitals of Fe(III) ion are splitted into two sets of  energetically different orbitals.

These two sets of orbitals are energetically lower t_2g orbital and energetically higher e_g orbital.

Since ligand F^–, is a weak field ligand, hence the complex is high spin one.

So, under the influence of the octahedral crystal field, the possible electronic arrangement of Fe(III) ion is t2g³, eg².

The octahedral crystal field splitting of [FeF₆]^3– complex ion is as follows,

Structural formula and f IUPAC name of functional isomer of CH3-CH2 – O – CH3

Structural formula and IUPAC name of functional isomer of CH₃-CH₂ – O – CH₃.

CH₃-CH₂ – O – CH₃ is an example of mixed ether. The name of the compound is methoxy ethane or ethyl methyl ether. 

There are two types of ether, namely simple ether and mixed ether. Their general formula are R – O –R and R –O –R’ respectively. The functional group of ether compound is ‘–O–‘.

 IUPAC name and structural formula of beta methyl butyric acid  

Beta methyl butyric acid is an example of aliphatic mono carboxylicacid. It is a branch chain carboxylic acid with functional group –COOH.

The carbon atom which attached with –COOH group is called alpha carbon and the carbon atom which directly attached with the alpha carbon atom is called beta carbon atom.

So, the structural formula of beta methyl butyric acid is shown below.

According to IUPAC rules, in the nomenclature of aliphatic carboxylic acid, the carbon atom of carboxylic group will get the numbering first and then rest of the carbon of the long chain will get their number.

In the naming of carboxylic acid the rule is, alkane –ane +an + oic acid. If the compound contains branch, then the IUPAC name will start with naming the concern branch first.

So, the IUPAC name of beta methyl butyric acid should be, 3-methyl butanoic acid.

Summary: 

What is structural formula of beta methyl butyric acid ?

What is the IUPAC name of beta methyl butyric acid ?

What is full form of IUPAC ? 

Read more: activating groups with application